Our results supported the hypotheses, but we found that the ethnic definition was a stronger predictor of intergroup action intentions toward the immigrant group, and the civic definition a stronger predictor in case of the Roma minority group. We expected that the connections would be the opposite for civic citizenship. In an online survey relying on a probabilistic sample that is demographically similar to the Hungarian population ( N = 1069), we tested whether relying on the concept of ethnic citizenship predicted higher intentions to engage in pro-majority collective action, and lower intentions to engage in pro-minority collective action, and whether the connection was mediated by fear and empathy. We analyzed these collective action intentions toward Roma people and Muslim immigrants in Hungary related to concepts of citizenship. Participation in both pro-minority collective action and right-wing nationalist movements has increased among members of ethnic majority groups. 2Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, HungaryĮurope has witnessed a polarization of intergroup attitudes and action tendencies in the context of the refugee crisis of 2015 and the rise of right-wing populism. ![]() 1Social Groups and Media Research Lab, Department of Social Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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